![]() “Indeed, poor men have become owners of wealth, and he who could not make sandals for himself is now a possessor of riches.“the tribes of the desert have become Egyptians everywhere.”.Ipuwer Papyrus 2:10 – “The River is Blood, men shrank from tasting, and thirst for water.”Įxod 7:21 – “There was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.”Įxod 7:20, 24 – All the waters that were in the river were turned to blood and wells had to be dug. Ipuwer Papyrus 2:5-6 – “Plague is throughout the land. There was hail, and fire mingled with the hail.”Įxod 9:24 – “And there was hail, and fire flashing in the midst of the hail, very heavy, which never had been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.” Ipuwer papyrus 9:23 – “The fire ran along the ground. Ipuwer papyrus 4 – “Indeed, trees are felled and branches are stripped off.” Ipuwer Papyrus 9:11 – “The land is not light.”Įxod 10:22: “And there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt.” ![]() Cattle moan.”Įxod 9:3 – “Behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be grievous murrain (disease).” Ipuwer papyrus 5:5 – “All animals, their hearts weep. Jehovah struck every first-born in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of Pharaoh, the one sitting on the throne, to the first-born of the captive who was in the prison house, and every first-born of animals.” Ipuwer Papyrus 6:12 – “Forsooth, the children of the princes are cast out in the streets.”Įxod 12:29 – “And it happened at midnight. Ipuwer Papyrus 4:3 – “Forsooth, the children of princes are dashed against the walls.” Ipuwer Papyrus 2:13 – “He who places his brother in the ground is everywhere.” Ipuwer Papyrus 3:14 – “It is groaning that is throughout the land, mingled with lamentations.”Įxod 12:30 – “There was a great cry in Egypt.” Response of the Egyptians to the Loss of their First born.It’s a fairly short document and can be read online in a few minutes. ![]() Many scholars reject that idea that the Egyptian is describing the events of the Ten Plagues, while others see too many references for it to be a coincidence. Ipuwer describes Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos, a topsy-turvy world where the poor have become rich, and the rich poor, and warfare, famine and death are everywhere. It dates to about 1450 BC, the same time as Moses’ exodus from Egypt. Examining what Enmarch calls "the most extensively posited parallel", the river becoming blood, he notes that it should not be taken "absolutely literally" as a description of an event but that both Ipuwer and Exodus might be metaphorically describing what happens at times of catastrophic Nile floods when the river is carrying large quantities of red earth, mentioning that Kitchen has also discussed this phenomenon.The Ipuwer Papyrus (“Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All”) is an ancient Egyptian poem preserved on a single papyrus, Leiden Papyrus I 344, which is housed in the National Archeological Museum in Leiden, Netherlands. He suggests that "it is more likely that Ipuwer is not a piece of historical reportage and that historicising interpretations of it fail to account for the ahistorical, schematic literary nature of some of the poem’s laments," but other Egyptologists disagree (see Genre section above). On a literal reading, these are similar to aspects of the Exodus account." Commenting on such attempts to draw parallels, he writes that "all these approaches read Ipuwer hyper-literally and selectively" and points out that there are also conflicts between Ipuwer and the biblical account. he acknowledges that there are some textual parallels "particularly the striking statement that ‘the river is blood and one drinks from it’ (Ipuwer 2.10), and the frequent references to servants abandoning their subordinate status (e.g. Roland Enmarch, author of a new translation of the papyrus, notes: "The broadest modern reception of Ipuwer amongst non-Egyptological readers has probably been as a result of the use of the poem as evidence supporting the Biblical account of the Exodus." While Enmarch himself rejects synchronizing the texts of the Ipuwer Papyrus and The Book of Exodus on grounds of historicity, in The reception of a Middle Egyptian poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer. The association of the Ipuwer Papyrus with the Exodus as describing the same event is generally rejected by Egyptologists. Some have interpreted the document as an Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt and the Exodus in the Old Testament of the Bible, and it is often cited as proof for the Biblical account by various religious organisations.
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